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- <text id=93CT1913>
- <link 89TT3137>
- <link 89TT0726>
- <title>
- Venezuela--History
- </title>
- <history>
- Compact ALMANAC--CIA Factbook
- South America
- Venezuela
- </history>
- <article>
- <source>CIA World Factbook</source>
- <hdr>
- History
- </hdr>
- <body>
- <p> The indigenous peoples of Venezuela ranged from sophisticated
- agriculturalists--the Timotes, who used irrigation and
- terracing--to primitive groups living on islands offshore.
- Coastal Carib tribes, especially the Teques and Caracas, proved
- formidible enemies to the Spanish who followed Columbus after
- his 1498 visit. Carib leader Guarcaipuro mobilized as many as
- 10,000 warriors to resist Spanish settlement. The first
- permanent Spanish settlement in South America--Nuevo Toledo--was established in Venezuela in 1522.
- </p>
- <p> Spanish explorers noted natives using a black, oily liquid--petroleum--in their daily chores and took some of it to Spain
- as a curiosity in 1500. The Spanish were interested in yellow,
- rather than black, gold, however, and looked for treasure
- elsewhere in their colonial empire. Even Venezuela's
- agricultural potential was not appreciated by the Spanish. Other
- Europeans, especially English adventurers and Dutch and French
- traders took an interest in the region and developed important
- commercial connections there. Eventual efforts by Spain to limit
- these inroads and develop the colony proved counterproductive,
- and Venezuelans began to grow restive under colonial control.
- </p>
- <p> Armed uprisings broke out in 1795, 1797, and 1799. In 1806,
- Francisco de Miranda--a Venezuelan aristocrat who was also a
- lieutenant general in the French Revolution and an acquaintance
- of Washington, Hamilton, Adams, and Paine--launched an
- unsuccessful rebellion. Independence was not achieved until 1821
- and then under the leadership of Simon Bolivar, Venezuela's
- native son and continental hero. Venezuela, along with what are
- now Colombia, Panama, and Ecuador, was part of the Republic of
- Gran Colombia until 1830, when it separated and became a
- sovereign country.
- </p>
- <p> Venezuela's 19th-century history is characterized by frequent
- periods of political instability, dictatorial rule, and
- revolutionary turbulence. The 20th century has been marked by
- long periods of authoritarianism: dictatorships of Gen. Juan
- Vicente Gomez (1908-35) and Gen. Marcos Perez Jimenez (1950-58),
- and a democratic interlude between 1945 and 1948. Since the
- overthrow of Perez Jimenez on January 23, 1958, democratic
- elections have been held every 5 years, and democratic
- institutions are flourishing. Action Democratica (AD) won five
- of these elections (1958, 1963, 1973, 1983, 1988), and the
- Social Christian (COPEI) Party won two (1968 and 1978).
- </p>
- <p>Political Conditions
- </p>
- <p> After a 10-year, constitutionally mandated hiatus from power,
- Carlos Andres Perez took office again as president on February
- 2, 1989, for an unprecedented second 5-year term. He has
- abandoned economic nationalism, import substitution, and state
- intervention, the trademarks of his first term (1974-79). The
- decline of oil prices in the mid-1980s and changes in policy
- have forced austerity on consumers accustomed to subsidies.
- Perez is trying to diminish the role of the state in economic
- affairs and the country's dependence on oil exports. To reduce
- the scope of public sector intervention in the economy,
- authorities have moved to a floating exchange rate and
- eliminated many interest rate and price controls, as well as
- the level of subsidies for consumer goods. This adjustment is
- likely to be painful in the short term and already has resulted
- in inflation and economic contraction.
- </p>
- <p> Economic hardship and the austerity program sparked violence
- in February 1989. On Februray 27-28, crowds, reacting to a sharp
- increase in bus fares, began burning buses. The violence grew
- when mobs, frustrated by reduced food supplies, began widespread
- looting of groceries and other businesses. When police no longer
- could maintain order, the government temporarily suspended some
- constitutional rights and used military force to restore order
- and to feed the population.
- </p>
- <p>Source: U.S. Department of State, Bureau of Public Affairs,
- April 1989.
- </p>
-
- </body>
- </article>
- </text>
-
-